AtmoSud research papers / Publications scientifiques

Year/Année : 2025

Title/Titre : Modelling oxidative potential of atmospheric particle: A 2-year study over France

Authors/ Auteurs : Matthieu Vida, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Olivier Favez, Arineh Cholakian, Julie Cozic, Harry Dupont, Grégory Gille, Sonia Oppo, Shouwen Zhang, Florie Francony, Cyril Pallares, Sébastien Conil, Gaelle Uzu, Matthias Beekmann

Institutions : LISA, IGE, INERIS, LCSQA, LMD, AASQA

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178813

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé : The oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a promising indicator of the adverse effects of PM on human health. In particular, OP is an indicator for oxidative stress in biological media through formation of reactive oxygen species. To provide a mapping of the spatial and temporal OP variability over France, we have developed a strategy to simulate the volume-normalized oxidative potential (OP_v) in the state-of-the-art CHIMERE air quality model over the metropolitan French territory for the years 2013 and 2014. To do so, we combined a measurement-derived and source specific intrinsic OP (OP_i) receptor modelling approach with Particle Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) in CHIMERE. First, the model's ability to reproduce PM₁₀ concentrations and speciation was verified using in situ observations in mainland France. Furthermore, a mostly satisfying correspondence between receptor model and PSAT outputs was obtained considering their source specific chemical profiles. Simulated versus observed OP_v values showed median correlations ranging from 0.35 to 0.60 and mean fractional biases from −30 % to zero, depending on the OP assay considered (ascorbic acid AA, or dithiothreitol DTT) and the PM sources taken into account (i.e. two methods with different PM sources have been used, the reduced and the extended set methods). The modelled two-year average OP_v fields show greater spatial hot spots over large urban areas (especially along roadsides) compared to those for PM₁₀ distributions, due to elevated intrinsic OP_i values for the primary anthropogenic sources such as traffic and biomass burning. These effects are stronger for the AA compared to the DTT assays, and for a method with a reduced set compared to an extended set of sources. Overall, through the OP apportionment, these results advocate for reinforcing action plans to reduce emissions from road traffic as well as biomass burning emissions.

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : Multiyear high-temporal-resolution measurements of submicron aerosols at 13 French urban sites: data processing and chemical composition

Authors/ Auteurs : Hasna Chebaicheb, Joel F. de Brito, Tanguy Amodeo, Florian Couvidat, Jean-Eudes Petit, Emmanuel Tison, Gregory Abbou, Alexia Baudic, Mélodie Chatain, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Raphaële Falhun, Florie Francony, Cyril Ratier, Didier Grenier, Romain Vidaud, Shouwen Zhang, Gregory Gille, Laurent Meunier, Caroline Marchand, Véronique Riffault, and Olivier Favez.

Institutions :

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5089-2024

Link / Lien vers article : https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3576/

Abstract :

This paper presents a first comprehensive analysis of long-term measurements of atmospheric aerosol components from aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and multiwavelength Aethalometer (AE33) instruments collected between 2015 and 2021 at 13 (sub)urban sites as part of the French CARA (Chemical Characterization of Particles) program. The datasets contain the mass concentrations of major chemical species within submicron aerosols (PM₁), namely organic aerosols (OAs), nitrate (NO₃^-), ammonium (NH4⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2-), non-sea-salt chloride (Cl⁻), and equivalent black carbon (eBC). Rigorous quality control, technical validation, and environmental evaluation processes were applied, adhering to both guidance from the French Reference Laboratory for Air Quality Monitoring (LCSQA) and the Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) standard operating procedures. Key findings include geographical differences in the aerosol chemical composition, seasonal variations, and diel patterns, which are influenced by meteorological conditions, anthropogenic activities, and proximity to emission sources. Overall, OA dominates PM₁ at each site (43 %–60 % of total mass), showing distinct seasonality with higher concentrations (i) in winter, due to enhanced residential heating emissions, and (ii) in summer, due to increased photochemistry favoring secondary aerosol formation. NO₃ is the second most important contributor to PM₁ (15 %–30 %), peaking in late winter and early spring, especially in northern France, and playing a significant role during pollution episodes. SO₄ (8 %–14 %) and eBC (5 %–11 %) complement the major fine-aerosol species, with their relative contributions strongly influenced by the origin of air masses and the stability of meteorological conditions, respectively.

A comparison with the 3D chemical transport model (CTM) CHIMERE shows high correlations between simulations and measurements, albeit with an OA concentration underestimation of 46 %–76 %. Regional discrepancies in NO₃ concentration levels emphasize the importance of these datasets with respect to validating air quality models and tailoring air pollution mitigation strategies. The datasets can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13318298 (Chebaicheb et al., 2024).

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : VOC sources and impacts at an urban Mediterranean area (Marseille – France)

Authors/ Auteurs : Marvin Dufresne, Thérèse Salameh, Thierry Léonardis, Grégory Gille, Alexandre Armengaud, and Stéphane Sauvage

Institutions : IMT (Douai) / AtmoSud

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3576

Link/ Lien vers article : https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-3576/

Abstract/ Résumé :

Long-term measurements of VOC concentrations are crucial to improve our knowledge about their role in atmospheric chemistry, especially in region with high photochemistry such as the Mediterranean Basin. A field measurement campaign of 18 months has been conducted in Marseille from March 2019 to August 2020 with online measurement of C2 to C16 NMHC using two TD-GC-FID instruments. The positive Matrix Factorization model has been applied to this dataset for each season. Six factors were identified yearlong (traffic exhaust, fuel evaporation, industrial source, shipping, regional and local urban background and IVOC) and two were identified as seasonal factors (biogenic in summer and residential heating during cold period).

The traffic (exhaust and evaporation) is the first contributor to NMHC concentration measured with a relative contribution of about 40 % with the exception of spring 2020 where the relative contribution was only 25 %. The potential contribution of each factor to secondary pollutants formation has been evaluated. Results reveal that the shipping source is potentially one of the most important contributors to the Secondary Organic Aerosol formation potential despite the low contribution of this factor to NMHC concentration.

The impact of the lockdown due to Covid-19 is clearly visible on all sources and especially on the traffic source. The contribution of this source has decreased by a half during spring 2020 in comparison with other seasons.

A comparison of these results with emission inventories should be useful to evaluate their accuracy for a better understanding of the atmospheric pollution occurring at Marseille.

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : Spatial model for daily air quality high resolution estimation

Authors/ Auteurs : Morgan Jacquinot, Romain Derain, Alexandre Armengaud, Sonia Oppo

DOI : 10.1007/s11869-024-01566-7

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379900535_Spatial_model_for_daily_air_quality_high_resolution_estimation

Abstract/ Résumé : In air quality modeling, fine-scale daily mapping is generally calculated from dispersion models involving multiple parameters linked in particular to emissions, which require regular updating and a long computation time. The aim of this work is to provide a simpler model, easily adaptable to other regions and capable of estimating nitrogen dioxide concentrations to a good approximation. To this end, we examine the relationship between daily and annual nitrogen dioxide values. We find that this relationship depends on the range of daily values. Then we provide a statistical model capable of estimating daily concentrations over large areas on a fine spatial scale. The model’s performance is compared with standard geostatistical method such as external drift kriging with cross-validation over one year. The reduced computation time means that daily maps can be produced for use by French air quality observatories.

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : Factors affecting pedestrian-level ship pollution in port areas: CFD in the service of policy-making

Authors/ Auteurs : Christos Boikos, Nikolaos Rapkos, Giannis Ioannidis, Sonia Oppo, Alexandre Armengaud, Panagiotis Siamidis, George Tsegas, Leonidas Ntziachristos

DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111594

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380237392_Factors_affecting_pedestrian-level_ship_pollution_in_port_areas_CFD_in_the_service_of_policy-making

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : Assessing the effects of significant activity changes on urban-scale air quality across three European cities

Authors/ Auteurs : Martin Ramacher, Ronny Badeke, Lea Fink, M. Quante, Matthias Karl, Sonia Oppo, Fabian Lenartz, Marie Dury, Volker Matthias

Institutions : listes des organismes partenaires

DOI :10.1016/j.aeaoa.2024.100264

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380417508_Assessing_the_effects_of_significant_activity_changes_on_urban-scale_air_quality_across_three_European_cities

Year/Année : 2024

Title/Titre : Oxidative potential apportionment of atmospheric PM 1 : a new approach combining high-sensitive online analysers for chemical composition and offline OP measurement technique

Authors/ Auteurs : Julie Camman, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Amandine Durand, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Henri Wortham, Gaëlle Uzu

DOI : 10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379012548_Oxidative_potential_apportionment_of_atmospheric_PM1_a_new_approach_combining_high-sensitive_online_analysers_for_chemical_composition_and_offline_OP_measurement_technique

Abstract/ Résumé : Source apportionment models were widely used to successfully assign highly time-resolved aerosol data to specific emissions and/or atmospheric chemical processes. These techniques are necessary for targeting the sources affecting air quality and for designing effective mitigation strategies. Moreover, evaluation of the toxicity of airborne particulate matter is important since the classically measured particulate matter (PM) concentrations appear insufficient for characterizing the impact on human health. Oxidative potential (OP) measurement has recently been developed to quantify the capability of PM to induce an oxidative imbalance in the lungs. As a result, this measurement unit could be a better proxy than PM mass concentration to represent PM toxicity. In the present study, two source apportionment analyses were performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) from organic aerosol (OA) mass spectra measured at a 15 min time resolution using a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM) and from 19 trace elements measured on an hourly basis using an online metal analyser (Xact 625i). The field measurements were carried out in summer 2018. While it is common to perform PMF studies individually on ACSMs and more recently on Xact datasets, here we used a two-step methodology leading to a complete PM1 source apportionment. The outputs from both OA PMF and Xact PMF, the inorganic species concentrations from the ACSM, and the black carbon (BC) fractions (fossil fuel and wood burning) measured using an Aethalometer (AE33) were gathered into a single dataset and subjected to a combined PMF analysis. Overall, eight factors were identified, each of them corresponding to a more precise source than performing single PMF analyses. The results show that besides the high contribution of secondary ammonium sulfate (28 %) and organic nitrate (19 %), about 50 % of PM1 originated from distinct combustion sources, including emissions from traffic, shipping, industrial activities, cooking, and biomass burning. Simultaneously, PM1 filters were collected during the experimental period on a 4 h sampling basis. On these filters, two acellular OP assays were performed (dithiothreitol; OPDTT and ascorbic acid; OPAA) and an inversion method was applied on factors issued from all PMFs to assess the contribution of the PM sources to the OP. This work highlights the sensitivity of OPAA to industrial and dust resuspension sources and those of OPDTT to secondary ammonium sulfate, shipping, and biomass burning.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : Validating CFD modelling of ship plume dispersion in an urban environment with pollutant concentration measurements

Authors/ Auteurs : Christos Boikos, Panagiotis Siamidis, Sonia Oppo, Alexandre Armengaud, George Tsegas, Johan Mellqvist, Vladimir Conde, Leonidas Ntziachristos

DOI :10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120261

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376179341_Validating_CFD_modelling_of_ship_plume_dispersion_in_an_urban_environment_with_pollutant_concentration_measurements

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Phenomenology of ultrafine particle concentrations and size distribution across urban Europe

Authors/ Auteurs : Noemí Pérez, Marjan Savadkoohi, David Beddows, Imre Salma, Màté Vörösmarty, Andrea Casans, Juan Andrès Casquero-Vera, Christoph Hueglin, Nicolas Marchand, Benjamin Chazeau, Grégory Gille, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Jakub Ondracek, Nadia Zikova, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, David C. Green, Anja H. Tremper, Michael Norman, Stergios Vratolis, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Francisco J. Gòmez-Moreno, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Holger Gerwig, Alfred Wiedensohler, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, Susanne Bastian, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Nicolas Ferlay, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Hilkka Timonen, Janne Lampilahti, Christof Asbach, Carmen Wolf, Heinz Kaminski, Hicran Altug, Barbara Hoffmann, David Q. Rich ,Marco Pandolfi, Roy M. Harrison, Philip K. Hopke, Tuukka Petäjä, Andrès Alastuey,Xavier Querol

DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107744

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367094632_Phenomenology_of_ultrafine_particle_concentrations_and_size_distribution_across_urban_Europe

Abstract/ Résumé :

The 2017–2019 hourly particle number size distributions (PNSD) from 26 sites in Europe and 1 in the US were evaluated focusing on 16 urban background (UB) and 6 traffic (TR) sites in the framework of Research Infrastructures services reinforcing air quality monitoring capacities in European URBAN & industrial areaS (RI-URBANS) project. The main objective was to describe the phenomenology of urban ultrafine particles (UFP) in Europe with a significant air quality focus.The varying lower size detection limits made it difficult to compare PN concentrations (PNC), particularly PN10-25, from different cities. PNCs follow a TR > UB > Suburban (SUB) order. PNC and Black Carbon (BC) progressively increase from Northern Europe to Southern Europe and from Western to Eastern Europe. At the UB sites, typical traffic rush hour PNC peaks are evident, many also showing midday-morning PNC peaks anti-correlated with BC. These peaks result from increased PN10-25, suggesting significant PNC contributions from nucleation, fumigation and shipping.Site types to be identified by daily and seasonal PNC and BC patterns are: (i) PNC mainly driven by traffic emissions, with marked correlations with BC on different time scales; (ii) marked midday/morning PNC peaks and a seasonal anti-correlation with PNC/BC; (iii) both traffic peaks and midday peaks without marked seasonal patterns. Groups (ii) and (iii) included cities with high insolation.PNC, especially PN25-800, was positively correlated with BC, NO2, CO and PM for several sites. The variable correlation of PNSD with different urban pollutants demonstrates that these do not reflect the variability of UFP in urban environments. Specific monitoring of PNSD is needed if nanoparticles and their associated health impacts are to be assessed.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : A multimodel evaluation of the potential impact of shipping on particle species in the Mediterranean Sea

Authors/ Auteurs : Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, R. Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen

DOI :10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373842923_A_multimodel_evaluation_of_the_potential_impact_of_shipping_on_particle_species_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea

Abstract/ Résumé :

Shipping contributes significantly to air pollutant emissions and atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations. At the same time, worldwide maritime transport volumes are expected to continue to rise in the future. The Mediterranean Sea is a major short-sea shipping route within Europe and is the main shipping route between Europe and East Asia. As a result, it is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study is a part of the EU Horizon 2020 project SCIPPER (Shipping Contributions to Inland Pollution – Push for the Enforcement of Regulations), which intends to investigate how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. To demonstrate the impact of ships on relatively large scales, the potential shipping impacts on various air pollutants can be simulated with chemical transport models. To determine the formation, transport, chemical transformation, and fate of particulate matter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in the Mediterranean Sea in 2015, five different regional chemical transport models (CAMx – Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, CHIMERE, CMAQ – Community Multiscale Air Quality model, EMEP – European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme model, and LOTOS-EUROS) were applied. Furthermore, PM2.5 precursors (ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric acid (HNO3)) and inorganic particle species (sulfate (SO42-), ammonia (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-)) were studied, as they are important for explaining differences among the models. STEAM (see “List of abbreviations” in Appendix A) version 3.3.0 was used to compute shipping emissions, and the CAMS-REG version 2.2.1 dataset was used to calculate land-based emissions for an area encompassing the Mediterranean Sea at a resolution of 12 × 12 km2 (or 0.1∘ × 0.1∘). For additional input, like meteorological fields and boundary conditions, all models utilized their regular configuration. The zero-out approach was used to quantify the potential impact of ship emissions on PM2.5 concentrations. The model results were compared with observed background data from monitoring sites. Four of the five models underestimated the actual measured PM2.5 concentrations. These underestimations are linked to model-specific mechanisms or underpredictions of particle precursors. The potential impact of ships on the PM2.5 concentration is between 15 % and 25 % at the main shipping routes. Regarding particle species, SO42- is the main contributor to the absolute ship-related PM2.5 and to total PM2.5 concentrations. In the ship-related PM2.5, a higher share of inorganic particle species can be found when compared with the total PM2.5. The seasonal variabilities in particle species show that NO3- is higher in winter and spring, while the NH4+ concentrations displayed no clear seasonal pattern in any models. In most cases with high concentrations of both NH4+ and NO3-, lower SO42- concentrations are simulated. Differences among the simulated particle species distributions might be traced back to the aerosol size distribution and how models distribute emissions between the coarse and fine modes (PM2.5 and PM10). The seasonality of wet deposition follows the seasonality of the precipitation, showing that precipitation predominates wet deposition.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : Measurement and Modeling of Ship-Related Ultrafine Particles and Secondary Organic Aerosols in a Mediterranean Port City

Authors/ Auteurs : Matthias Karl, Martin Ramacher, Sonia Oppo, Ludovic Lanzi, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Brice Temime-Roussel, Lise Le Berre, Barbara D’Anna

DOI : 10.3390/toxics11090771

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373881436_Measurement_and_Modeling_of_Ship-Related_Ultrafine_Particles_and_Secondary_Organic_Aerosols_in_a_Mediterranean_Port_City

Abstract/ Résumé :

Maritime transport emerges as a major source of ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in coastal regions with consequences for the health of people living in port cities. Inhalation of UFPs can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which are starting points for further diseases. In addition to primary particles, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may form through the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds emitted in ship exhaust. The characterization of size-segregated and chemical properties of particles is essential for assessing the health implications related to shipping. We applied a coupled regional–local chemistry transport modeling system to study the effects of ship emissions on atmospheric concentrations of UFP and SOA in the Mediterranean port city Marseille (France), which is characterized by the combination of high port activity, industrialized emissions, and active photochemistry in summer. Our results show that the average potential impact from local shipping in the port area was 6–9% for SOA and 27–51% for total particle number concentration in July 2020. The estimated oxidative potential of daily mean particulate organic matter related to shipping was lower than the oxidative potential reported for heavy fuel oil (HFO). The lower oxidative potential in this study is very likely due to the low share of ships using HFO during stopover.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : Potential impact of shipping on air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a multimodel evaluation: comparison of photooxidants NO₂ and O₃

Authors/ Auteurs : Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, R. Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen

DOI : 10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023

Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368097241_Potential_impact_of_shipping_on_air_pollution_in_the_Mediterranean_region_-_a_multimodel_evaluation_comparison_of_photooxidants_NO2_and_O3

Abstract/ Résumé :

Shipping has a significant share in the emissions of air pollutants such as NOx and particulate matter (PM), and the global maritime transport volumes are projected to increase further in the future. The major route for short sea shipping within Europe and the main shipping route between Europe and East Asia are found in the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, it is a highly frequented shipping area, and high levels of air pollutants with significant potential impacts from shipping emissions are observed at monitoring stations in many cities along the Mediterranean coast. The present study is part of the EU H2020 project SCIPPER (Shipping contribution to Inland Pollution Push for the Enforcement of Regulations). Five different regional chemistry transport models (CAMx – Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP – European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, LOTOS-EUROS) were used to simulate the transport, chemical transformation and fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea for 2015. Shipping emissions were calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) version 3.3.0, and land-based emissions were taken from the CAMS-REG v2.2.1 dataset for a domain covering the Mediterranean Sea at a resolution of 12 km × 12 km (or 0.1∘×0.1∘). All models used their standard setup for further input. The potential impact of ships was calculated with the zero-out method. The model results were compared to each other and to measured background data at monitoring stations. The model results differ regarding the time series and pattern but are similar concerning the overall underestimation of NO2 and overestimation of O3. The potential impact from ships on the total NO2 concentration was especially high on the main shipping routes and in coastal regions (25 % to 85 %). The potential impact from ships on the total O3 concentration was lowest in regions with the highest NO2 impact (down to -20%). CAMx and CHIMERE simulated the highest potential impacts of ships on the NO2 and O3 air concentrations. Additionally, the strongest correlation was found between CAMx and CHIMERE, which can be traced back to the use of the same meteorological input data. The other models used different meteorological input due to their standard setup. The CMAQ-, EMEP- and LOTOS-EUROS-simulated values were within one range for the NO2 and O3 air concentrations. Regarding simulated deposition, larger differences between the models were found when compared to air concentration. These uncertainties and deviations between models are caused by deposition mechanisms, which are unique within each model. A reliable output from models simulating ships' potential impacts can be expected for air concentrations of NO2 and O3.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe

Authors/ Auteurs : Xiansheng Liu, Hadiatullah Hadiatullah, Xun Zhang , Pedro Trechera, Marjan Savadkoohi, Meritxell Garcia-Marlès, Cristina Reche, Noemí Pérez, David C.S. Beddows, Imre Salma, Wanda Thén, Panayiotis Kalkavouras, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Christoph Hueglin, David C. Green, Anja H. Tremper, Benjamin Chazeau, Grégory Gille, Nicolas Marchand, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Harri Portin, Nadezda Zikova, Jakub Ondracek, Michael Norman, Holger Gerwig, Susanne Bastian, Maik Merkel, Kay Weinhold, Andrea Casans, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Francisco J. Gómez-Moreno, Begoña Artíñano, Maria Gini, Evangelia Diapouli, Suzanne Crumeyrolle, Véronique Riffault, Jean-Eudes Petit, Olivier Favez, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Sebastiao Martins Dos Santos, Hilkka Timonen, Pasi P. Aalto,Tareq Hussein, Janne Lampilahti, Philip K. Hopke, Alfred Wiedensohler, Roy M. Harrison ,Tuukka Petäjä, Marco Pandolfi, Andrés Alastuey,Xavier Querol

DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165466

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé :

This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated. The result showed that the peak concentrations of LDSA at UB and TR sites are commonly observed in the morning (06:00-8:00 UTC) and late evening (19:00-22:00 UTC), coinciding with traffic rush hours, biomass burning, and atmospheric stagnation periods. The only LDSA night-time peaks are observed on weekends. Due to the variability of emission sources and meteorology, the seasonal variability of the LDSA concentration revealed significant differences (p = 0.01) between the four seasons at all monitoring sites. Meanwhile, the correlations of LDSA with other pollutant metrics suggested that Aitken and accumulation mode particles play a significant role in the total LDSA concentration. The results also indicated that the main proportion of total LDSA is attributed to the ALV fraction (50 %), followed by the TB (34 %) and HA (16 %). Overall, this study provides valuable information of LDSA as a predictor in epidemiological studies and for the first time presenting total LDSA in a variety of European urban environments.

Year/Année : 2023

Title/Titre : The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe

Authors/ Auteurs : Marjan Savadkoohi, Marco Pandolfi, Cristina Reche, Jarkko V. Niemi, Dennis Mooibroek, Gloria Titos, David C. Green, Anja H. Tremper, Christoph Hueglin, Eleni Liakakou, Nikos Mihalopoulos, Iasonas Stavroulas, Begoña Artiñano , Esther Coz, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, David Beddows, Véronique Riffault, Joel F. De Brito, Susanne Bastian, Alexia Baudic, Cristina Colombi, Francesca Costabile, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, José Luis Gòmez-Amo, Víctor Estellés,Violeta Matos, Ed van der Gaag, Grégory Gille, Krista Luoma, Hanna E. Manninen, Michael Norman, Sanna Silvergren, Jean-Eudes Petit, Jean-Philippe Putaud, Oliver V. Rattigan, Hilkka Timonen, Thomas Tuch, Maik Merkel, Kay Weinhold,Stergios Vratolis, Jeni Vasilescu, Olivier Favez, Roy M. Harrison, Paolo Laj, Alfred Wiedensohler, Philip K. Hopke, Tuukka Petaj̈a, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol

DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108081

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé :

This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 to 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Air pollution exposure induces a decrease in type II interferon response: A paired cohort study

Authors/ Auteurs : Jonathan Allouche ∙ Marion Cremoni, ∙ Vesna Brglez ∙ Daisy Graça ∙ Sylvia Benzaken ∙ Kévin Zorzi ∙ Céline Fernandez ∙ Vincent Esnault ∙ Michaël Levraut ∙ Sonia Oppo ∙ Morgan Jacquinot ∙ Alexandre Armengaud ∙ Christian Pradier ∙ Laurent Bailly ∙ Barbara Seitz-Polski

Institutions :

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104291

Lien vers article : https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00473-X/fulltext

Abstract/ Résumé :

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Analysis of 5.5 years of atmospheric CO2, CH4, CO continuous observations (2014-2020) and their correlations at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, a station of the ICOS-France national greenhouse gases observation network

Authors/ Auteurs : Ludovic Lelandais, Irène Xueref-Remy, Aurélie Riandet, Pierre-Eric Blanc, Alexandre Armengaud, Sonia Oppo, C. Yohia, Michel Ramonet, M. Delmotte

Institutions :

• Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Avignon Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de la Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale IMBE, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée Bât, Villemin – BP 80, F-13545, Aix-en-Provence, cedex 04, France

• OHP Observatoire de Haute Provence, UMS Pytheas, CNRS, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France

• Atmosud, Regional Agency for Air Quality monitoring, Marseille, France

• Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, OSU Institut Pythéas, 13288, Marseille, France

• LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119020

Lien vers article : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231022000851?via%3Dihub

Abstract/ Résumé :

Since 2014, a 100 m tall tower measures continuously greenhouse gases at the Observatoire de haute Provence (OHP) located in the southeast of France (43° 55′ 51″ N, 5° 42′ 48″ E) as a monitoring station of the French National Greenhouse Gases Observation network (ICOS-Fr). This rural station allows to study the short, mid, and long terms variability of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO concentrations at the continental, regional and local scales in a region characterized by a Mediterranean climate. Measurements are performed using cavity ring-down spectroscopy at three levels above ground level (AGL); 10 m, 50 m and 100 m. Using the ICOS European Infrastructure procedure to calibrate and ensure the data quality control, the precision of our datasets matches the international WMO/GAW recommendations. Time series from July 2014 to February 2020 were analysed. We inferred a mean annual growth rate at 100 m AGL of 2.7 ppm/year for CO2 (7.8 ppb/year for CH4) over the period of study, whereas no significant annual growth rate was found for CO. These growth rates are comparable to other remote ICOS and WMO/GAW sites. A seasonal amplitude of 13 ppm, 30 ppb, 45 ppb was found for atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO, respectively. As expected, the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of these three species varies in function of the season, from 2.6 (1.6) ppm in winter and 10.7 (6.6) ppm in summer for CO2, 3.7 (5.1) and 7.7 (7.1) ppb for CH4, and contrary to CO2 and CH4 smaller amplitude in summer with 2.15 (2.5) ppb and 9.3 (8.9) ppb in winter for CO at 10 m (100 m) AGL. Significant correlations (R² between 0.67 and 0.91) between the three species have been detected, especially in the winter season. Using thresholds on wind speed and on the standard variation of hourly concentrations, more than 16% of the data were identified to be enriched either: 1/by regional anthropogenic plumes; 2/during stable synoptic conditions inducing the accumulation of anthropogenic emissions in the atmospheric boundary layer (13%); and 3/by local's sources inducing short pollution events (3%). On average, ΔCO/Δ CO2 ratios of 3.72 ± 0.06 ppb/ppm and 0.8 ± 0.2 ppb/ppm for Δ CH4/ΔCO were inferred during local pollution events in winter and are typical of traffic and residential heating as given by the local bottom-up emissions inventory delivered by the regional air quality agency ATMOSUD. Adding specific tracers or isotopic measurements would be very interesting to distinguish anthropogenic sources and monitor the evolution of their characteristics as emission ratios at the OHP station. Filtering out these conditions, about 84% of the data are not undergoing the influence of local and regional anthropogenic plumes, and are thus representative of “background” CO2, CO and CH4 concentrations at the local to the regional scales. These background conditions are shown to be dependent on wind speed and direction.

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with an increased incidence and mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a large French region

Authors/ Auteurs : Laëtitia Gutman, Vanessa Pauly, Veronica Orleans, Damien Piga, Yann Channac, Alexandre Armengaud, Laurent Boyer, Laurent Papazian

 DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113383

Abstract/ Résumé : 

Introduction Air pollution exposure is suspected to alter both the incidence and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The impact of chronic air pollutant exposure on the incidence and mortality of ARDS from various aetiologies in Europe remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of ARDS in a large European region, 90-day mortality being the main secondary outcome. Methods The study was performed in the Provence-Alpes-Cote-d’Azur (PACA) region. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and ozone (O3) were measured. The Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI), which captures all patient hospital stays in France, was used to identify adults coded as ARDS in an intensive care unit. Results From 2016 to 2018, 4733 adults with ARDS treated in intensive care units were analysed. The incidence rate ratios for 1-year average exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 were 1.207 ([95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.145–1.390]; P < 0.01) and 1.168 (95% CI, 1.083–1.259; P < 0.001), respectively. The same trend was observed for both 2- and 3-year exposures, while only chronic 1- and 2-year exposure NO2 exposures were related to a higher incidence of ARDS. Increased PM2.5 exposure was associated with a higher 90-day mortality for both 1- and 3-year exposures (OR 1.096 (95% CI, 1.001–1.201) and 1.078 (95% CI, 1.009–1.152), respectively). O3 was not associated with either of incidence nor mortality. Conclusions While chronic exposure to NO2, PM2.5, and PM10 was associated with an increased ARDS incidence and a higher mortality rate (for PM2.5) in those patients presenting with ARDS, further research on this topic is required.

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Analysis of Atmospheric CO2 variability in the Marseille city area and the North-West Mediterranean basin at different time scales

Authors/ Auteurs : Irène Xueref-Remy, Mélissa Milne, Narimene Zoghbi, Ludovic Lelandais, Aurélie Riandet, Alexandre Armengaud, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Sonia Oppo, Lola Brégonzio-Rozier, Pierre-Eric Blanc, Christophe Yohia, J. Piazzoloa, Marc Frédérique Delmotte

Institutions : CNRS-IRD-Collège de France UMR 34 CEREGE - Aix-Marseille Université/ Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE)/ Ohio State University (OSU); OSU Institut PYTHEAS; OSU Institut PYTHEAS/ Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography/ AtmoSud, Air Quality Observatory for Southern Region

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4270293

Abstract/ Résumé :

his study presents the first analysis of the variability of atmospheric CO2 in the area of the Marseille city (France). It addresses the role of anthropogenic emissions, natural fluxes and atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) dynamics on CO2 variability at the diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and multi-annual scales. A regional network based on 4 in-situ observation sites of CO2, CO and NOx was deployed between 2013 and 2018. One urban site (CAV) located in Marseille center was set up in collaboration with the regional air quality monitoring agency ATMOSUD. A second site (SME) was installed at the coastal edge of Marseille at the border of the Mediterranean Sea. The two other sites belonging to the ICOS (integrated Carbon Observing System) national atmospheric greenhouse observation network, are located in natural areas at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP, 80 km north of Marseille) and at Cape Corsica (ERSA, 330 km east of Marseille) and are defined as regional background sites. The comparison between the sites was performed on the period common to all sites (1 July 2016-13 February 2018). The datasets are calibrated on the reference World Meteorological Organization scales for CO2 and CO with high precision and accuracy levels. At all sites, the mean annual CO2 growth rate is found to be quite similar to the Mauna Loa (Hawaii) reference site one, but mean annual CO2 concentrations are higher of several ppm at both urban sites than at both background sites. The diurnal cycle shows a higher amplitude at the urban sites (14.5 ppm at SME ; 18.8 ppm at CAV) than at the background sites (5.3 ppm at OHP ; 0.5 ppm at ERSA), as in other urban studies. While the urban stations are influenced by large urban anthropogenic emissions (mostly from traffic and heating, especially in winter), both background sites are mainly influenced by natural fluxes. At ERSA, the CO2 diurnal cycle is found to be primarily controlled by the small air-sea CO2 fluxes. At OHP, the diurnal variability of CO2 is mainly driven by the activity of vegetation (photosynthesis and respiration) and ABLH dynamics. For similar reasons, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are also characterized by larger seasonal variations in the city (29.2 ppm at CAV and 20.3 ppm at SME, respectively) than at OHP (13.1 ppm) and at SME (13.9 ppm). The influence of local, regional and remote anthropogenic emissions is assessed through a classification of the datasets by wind conditions. Similarly to other urban studies, a dome of several tens of ppm of CO2 gets formed over the city at low wind speed (less than 4 m.s-1). For higher wind speeds (4-10 m.s-1), the influence of regional and remote emissions on atmospheric CO2 is function of wind direction, varying from a few ppm at the background sites to a plume of more than 10 ppm at the urban ones. For very strong winds, the CO2 plume gets diluted. Finally local breezes, although not much frequent and more occurrent in summer, partly control atmospheric CO2 concentrations in Marseille. Additional local meteorological measurement sites would help to better characterize breezes in Marseille. Also, our study shows that additional background sites closer to the city on the path of the dominant winds would help to better constrain Marseille CO2 urban dome and plume. The NW and W sectors show a higher CO2 concentration variability even for strong winds, with likely an impact of the industrial area of Fos-Berre north-west of Marseille. Furthermore, as CO

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Organic aerosol source apportionment by using rolling positive matrix factorization: Application to a Mediterranean coastal city

Authors/ Auteurs : Benjamin Chazeau, Imad El Haddad, Francesco Canonaco, Brice Temime-Roussel, Barbara D’Anna, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Andre S. H. Prevot, Henri Wortham

Institutions :

• Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
• AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Marseille, France
• Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
• Datalystica Ltd., Park InnovAARE, 5234, Villigen, Switzerland

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100176

Link / Lien vers article : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162122000302?via%3Dihub

Abstract :

We investigated the contributions and the evolution of organic aerosol (OA) sources at the Marseille-Longchamp supersite (MRS-LCP, France) based on Time-of-flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) measurements of non-refractory PM1 over a fourteen-month period (1 February – 3 April 2018). The OA source apportionment was performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) using the novel “rolling window” approach implemented in the Source Finder Professional (SoFi Pro). Here, PMF is performed over a 14-days window moving over the entire OA dataset, in order to account for the temporal variability of the source profiles. Six factors were resolved, including hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) which is related to traffic exhausts, cooking-like organic aerosol (COA), biomass burning aerosol (BBOA), less oxidized organic aerosol (LOOA), more oxidized organic aerosol (MOOA) and a new defined source related to the mix between shipping and industrial plumes (Sh-IndOA). While HOA and COA consistently contribute to the total OA with on average 11.2% (ranging between 9.2 and 12.1% over the seasons) and 11.5% (11–12.1%), respectively, BBOA (11.7% on average) shows a larger seasonal variability with 18% in winter and no contribution in summer. BBOA profiles during winter were attributed to fresh biomass burning emissions from domestic heating, and more oxygenated profiles were assigned to regional land and agricultural waste burning for spring and early autumn. Sh-IndOA fraction is estimated to 4.5% (3.7–6.1%) and contributes to the total OA mass concentrations to a minor extent. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) fraction includes both LOOA with 21.5% (18.8–27.2%) and MOOA with 39.6% (36.8–42.6%). Based on the f44/f43 analysis these sources appeared to be more linked to biogenic influences in summer, whereas the concentrations were associated with oxidized anthropogenic sources (biomass burning and road traffic) for the rest of the year. The investigation of MOOA geographical origins suggests some influence of air masses transported from the Rhône Valley and the west basin of the Mediterranean Sea.

Year/Année : 2022

Title/Titre : Cardiac dyspnea risk zones in the South of France identified by geo-pollution trends study

Authors/ Auteurs : Fanny Simões, Charles Bouveyron, Damien Piga, Damien Borel, Stéphane Descombes, Véronique Paquis-Flucklinger, Jaques Levraut, Pierre Gibelin, Silvia Bottini

DOI : 10.1038/s41598-022-05827-2

Link / Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358143792_Cardiac_dyspnea_risk_zones_in_the_South_of_France_identified_by_geo-pollution_trends_study

Abstract :

The incidence of cardiac dyspnea (CD) and the distribution of pollution in the south of France suggests that environmental pollution may have a role in disease triggering. CD is a hallmark symptom of heart failure leading to reduced ability to function and engage in activities of daily living. To show the impact of short-term pollution exposure on the increment of CD emergency room visits, we collected pollutants and climate measurements on a daily basis and 43,400 events of CD in the Région Sud from 2013 to 2018. We used a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to assess the association between air pollution and CD events. We divided the region in 357 zones to reconciliate environmental and emergency room visits data. We applied the DLNM on the entire region, on zones grouped by pollution trends and on singular zones. Each pollutant has a significant effect on triggering CD. Depending on the pollutant, we identified four shapes of exposure curves to describe the impact of pollution on CD events: early and late effect for NO2; U-shape and rainbow-shape (or inverted U) for O3; all the four shapes for PM10. In the biggest cities, O3 has the most significant association along with the PM10. In the west side, a delayed effect triggered by PM10 was found. Zones along the main highway are mostly affected by NO2 pollution with an increase of the association for a period up to 9 days after the pollution peak. Our results can be used by local authorities to set up specific prevention policies, public alerts that adapt to the different zones and support public health prediction-making. We developed a user-friendly web application called Health, Environment in PACA Region Tool (HEART) to collect our results. HEART will allow citizens, researchers and local authorities to monitor the impact of pollution trends on local public health.

Year/Année : 2021

Title/Titre : Implementation and assessment of a carbonate system model (Eco3M-CarbOx v1.1) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal site (Bay of Marseille, France)

Authors/ Auteurs : Katixa Lajaunie-Salla, Frédéric Diaz, Wimart-Rousseau Cathy, Thibaut Wagener, Dominique Lefevre, Christophe Yohia, Irène Xueref-Rémy, Brian Nathan, Alexandre Armengaud, Christel Pinazo, Fredéric Diaz

Institutions : MIO/OSU PYTHEAS/ATMOSUD/

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-295-2021

Link / Lien vers article : https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/295/2021/gmd-14-295-2021-assets.html

Abstract :

Year/Année : 2021

Title/Titre : Simulating the impact of volatilization on atmospheric concentrations of pesticides with the 3D chemistry-transport model CHIMERE: Method development and application to S-metolachlor and folpet

Authors/ Auteurs : Florian Couvidat, Carole Bedos, Nathalie Gagnaire, Mathide Carra, Bernadette Ruelle, Philippe Martin, Thomas Poméon, Lionel Alletto, Alexandre Armengaud, Etienne Quivet

Institutions : 

• INERIS, Institut National de l′Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France

• Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

• ITAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France

• UMR SADAPT, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

• US ODR, INRAE, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France

• Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France

• AtmoSud, Air Quality Observatory for South Region, Marseille, Franc

• Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127497

Link / Lien vers article : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389421024651via%3Dihub

Abstract :

A module to simulate the volatilization of pesticides from soils and plants was implemented in the air quality model CHIMERE in order to simulate spatiotemporal distribution of pesticide atmospheric concentrations. Pesticide applications are spatially distributed according to the quantities of pesticides sold per municipality in France (recorded in the French BNVD-S database) and are temporally distributed according to the application periods determined with enquiries. The model was applied to S-metolachlor and folpet. In the first stage of the study, pesticide emissions simulated by the CHIMERE and Volt’Air models are compared. In the second stage, measured concentrations of S-metolachlor and folpet from mid-April to the end of June are compared to the simulation results at the French and PACA (Southeastern region of France) scales. The model can reproduce the spatial distribution of S-metolachlor concentrations (spatial correlation over France of 0.79) with a bias ranging from −50 to 50% for most stations during the application period. The simulation of folpet concentrations remains challenging with a lack of correlation between model results and measurements, that could possibly be due to a lack of precision in the temporalization of applications.

Year/Année : 2021

Title/Titre : Source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 oxidative potential: synthesis of 15 year-round urban datasets in France

Authors/ Auteurs : Samuël Weber, Gaëlle Uzu, Olivier Favez, Lucille Joanna S. Borlaza, Aude Calas, Dalia Salameh, Florie Chevrier, Julie Allard, Jean-Luc Besombes, Alexandre Albinet, Sabrina Pontet, Boualem Mesbah, Grégory Gille, Shouwen Zhang, Cyril Pallares, Eva Leoz-Garziandia, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo

DOI : :10.5194/acp-21-11353-2021

Link / Lien vers article : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353525201_Source_apportionment_of_atmospheric_PM10_oxidative_potential_synthesis_of_15_year-round_urban_datasets_in_France

Abstract :

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) carried or induced by particulate matter (PM) are suspected of inducing oxidative stress in vivo, leading to adverse health impacts such as respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM, displaying the ability of PM to oxidize the lung environment, is gaining strong interest in examining health risks associated with PM exposure. In this study, OP was measured by two different acellular assays (dithiothreitol, DTT, and ascorbic acid, AA) on PM10 filter samples from 15 yearly time series of filters collected at 14 different locations in France between 2013 and 2018, including urban, traffic and Alpine valley site typologies. A detailed chemical speciation was also performed on the same samples, allowing the source apportionment of PM using positive matrix factorization (PMF) for each series, for a total number of more than 1700 samples. This study then provides a large-scale synthesis of the source apportionment of OP using coupled PMF and multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The primary road traffic, biomass burning, dust, MSA-rich, and primary biogenic sources had distinct positive redox activity towards the OPDTT assay, whereas biomass burning and road traffic sources only display significant activity for the OPAA assay. The daily median source contribution to the total OPDTT highlighted the dominant influence of the primary road traffic source. Both the biomass burning and the road traffic sources contributed evenly to the observed OPAA. Therefore, it appears clear that residential wood burning and road traffic are the two main target sources to be prioritized in order to decrease significantly the OP in western Europe and, if the OP is a good proxy of human health impact, to lower the health risks from PM exposure.

Year/Année : 2021

Title/Titre : Measurement report: Fourteen months of real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamics at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite

Authors/ Auteurs : Benjamin Chazeau, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Barbara D’Anna, Henri Wortham, Nicolas Marchand

DOI :10.5194/acp-21-7293-2021

Link / Lien vers article :https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351526108_Measurement_report_Fourteen_months_of_real-time_characterisation_of_the_submicronic_aerosol_and_its_atmospheric_dynamics_at_the_Marseille-Longchamp_supersite

Abstract :

This study reports results of PM1 chemical composition determined using a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018) at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite (MRS-LCP) in France. Parallel measurements were performed with an aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The average PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 49.7 %) and black carbon (BC; 17.1 %), while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. Most (75 %) of the 15 days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during this season. Local and long-range pollution episodes with contrasting chemical composition could be distinguished, accounting for 40 % and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions, were observed during local pollution episodes, while high levels of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated with medium-/long-range transported particles. In summertime, substantially higher concentrations of sulfate were found, with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 mass of 24 % and 66 %, respectively. Results from k-means clustering analysis of daily profiles of sulfate concentrations clearly reveal the significant influence of local harbour/industrial activities on air quality in addition to the more regional contribution of shipping traffic that originates from the Mediterranean basin.

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Temporal variability of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 exchanges in a Mediterranean human-impacted coastal site

Authors/ Auteurs : Wimart-Rousseau Cathy, Katixa Lajaunie-Salla, Pierre Marrec, Thibaut Wagener, Patrick Raimbault, Véronique Lagadec, Michel Lafont, Nicole Garcia, Frédéric Diaz, Christel Pinazo, Christophe Yohia, Fabrice Garcia, Irène Xueref-Remy, Pierre-Eric Blanc, Alexandre Armengaud, Dominique Lefevre

Institutions : Université Aix-Marseille

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106641

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé : The temporal evolution of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes are investigated for the first time in the Bay of Marseille (BoM – North Western Mediterranean Sea), a coastal system affected by anthropogenic forcing from the Marseille metropolis. This study presents a two-year time-series (between 2016 and 2018) of fortnightly measurements of AT, CT, pH and derived seawater carbonate parameters at the SOLEMIO station. On this land-ocean boundary area, no linear relationship between AT and salinity in surface water is observed due to sporadic intrusions of freshwater coming from the Rhone River. On an annual scale, the BoM acts as a sink of atmospheric CO2. This result is consistent with previous studies in the Mediterranean Sea. Mean daily air-sea CO2 fluxes range between −0.8 mmolC.m−2.d−1 and -2.2 mmolC.m−2.d−1 during the study period, depending on the atmospheric CO2 sampling site used for the estimates. This study shows that the pCO2 in the surface water is predominantly driven by temperature changes, even if partially counterbalanced by biological activity. Therefore, temperature is the main contributor to the air-sea CO2 exchange variability. Mean daily Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) estimates from CT budget shows an ecosystem in which autotrophic processes are associated with a sink of CO2. Despite some negative NEP values, the observed air-sea CO2 fluxes in the BoM are negative, suggesting that thermodynamic processes are the predominant drivers for these fluxes.

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Isoprene contribution to ozone production under climate change conditions in the French Mediterranean area

Authors/ Auteurs : Saunier Amélie, Elena Ormeno, Damien Piga, Alexandre Armengaud, Christophe Boissard, Juliette Lathière, S. Szopa, Anne-Cyrienne Génard-Zielinski, Catherine Fernandez

Institutions : Institut Méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE)

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01697-4

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé : Tropospheric ozone is a strong oxidant which affects human health, agricultural yields as well as ecosystems functioning. Thus, it is very important to understand what factors determine ozone formation in order to control air pollution. It is well known that isoprene participates in ozone formation. In this study, we assess the potential impact of climate change in the Mediterranean region on ozone concentration, through drought-related increase or decrease in isoprene emissions after one (Short Drought scenario – one year of 35% annual rain restriction) and three (Long Drought scenario – three repeated years of 35% annual restriction) years of drought stress. Using an original experimental dataset of Downy oak isoprene emissions for several drought conditions and idealised drought scenarios in a modelling framework, we showed that ozone concentrations follow the same pattern than isoprene emissions. The Short Drought scenario used an isoprene emission factor (which is the standardized emission rate at 30°C and 1000μmol.m -2 .s -1 of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)) 83% higher compared to natural drought and, thus, ozone concentrations increased by 5-30 μg.m -3 (3-17%). The Long Drought scenario used an isoprene emissions factor 26% lower compared to natural drought, and ozone concentrations accordingly decreased by 1-10 μg.m -3 (0.6-6%). Our results showed that ozone concentration is affected by drought intensity and duration through modification of isoprene emissions indicating that drought stress should be implemented in models (predicting the BVOC emissions).

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Urban-scale NO2 prediction with sensors aboard bicycles: a comparison of statistical methods using synthetic observations

Authors/ Auteurs : Christophe Bertero, Jean-François Léon, Gilles Trédan, Matthieu Roy, Alexandre Armengaud

Institutions : LAAS-CNRS et Laboratoire d'Aérologie

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091014

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé : Mobile devices for city-scale air quality monitoring is receiving increasing attention due to the advent of low-cost and miniaturized sensors. Mobility and crowdsensing have emerged as a new means to investigate the ambient air quality in urban areas. However, the design of the network (e.g., number of sensors per unit area) and the scientific interpretation of collected data with an ad hoc method are still challenging. In this paper, we focus on the use of a fleet of private bicycles to monitor NO2 concentrations in the city of Marseille, France. The study is based on synthetic observations generated by means of a regional air quality simulation system at a spatial resolution of 25 m × 25 m and simulated bike trips that are randomly generated in the city. The bike trips correspond to a maximum of 4500 bike commuters and are generated using a web-based navigation service. Simulated bike tracks are validated using available statistics on bike counts. Each bike track is associated with the along-track corresponding NO2 concentrations collected from the air quality simulations and physical features on the ground collected from Open Street Map. Spatialization of the information collected aboard the bikes is tested by using three different algorithms: kriging, land-use regression (LUR) and neural network (NN). LUR and NN show that the fleet can be limited to below 100 bikes while the performance of kriging is steadily increasing with the number of bikes. Increasing the sample distance above 200 m also impairs the citywide prediction of simulated NO2 concentrations.

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Measurement report: Long-term real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamic in a Mediterranean coastal city: Tracking the polluted events at the Marseille-Longchamp supersite

Authors/Auteurs : Benjamin Chazeau, Brice Temime-Roussel, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Barbara D’Anna, Henri Wortham, Nicolas Marchand

Institutions : Laboratoire de Chimie-Environnement, Université d'Aix-Marseille

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1015

Lien vers article : article

Abstract/ Résumé : A supersite was recently implemented in Marseille to conduct intensive and advanced measurement studies for ambient aerosols. A Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) was deployed to investigate the chemical composition of submicronic aerosol over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018). Parallel measurements were performed with an Aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The averaged PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organics (49.7 %) and black carbon (17.1 %) while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute to 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating, open combustion of green wastes and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. In summer, sulfate contribution to PM1 increased with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 of 24 % and 66 %. This is partly due to local photochemical production from its precursor SO2, locally emitted by shipping and industrial activities and advected to the city under sea breeze conditions. Results from backtrajectory cluster analysis suggest that, besides local anthropogenic activities, Mediterranean long-range transport contributes the most to the enrichment of the sulfate fraction. Another important feature of the summer season is that half of the most intense SO2 peaks happen at that time of the year and are associated to higher UFPs number. The fifteen days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during the cold period (late autumn-early spring). These episodes contribute to an increase of 6.5 % of the annual PM1 concentration. Local and long-range pollution episodes could be distinguished, accounting for 40 and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions were observed during local pollution episodes, while high level of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated to medium/long-range transported particles. In conclusion this supersite showed a high potential for the study of seasonality and pollution episodes phenomenology in Marseille over multiple geographic scales. The present paper highlights the significant contribution of regional transport of pollutants to the local air pollution that must be considered by local authorities in deploying effective PM abatement strategies.

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential wood burning over France

Authors/ Auteurs : Yunjiang Zhang, Alexandre Albinet, Jean-Eudes Petit, Véronique Jacob, Florie Chevrier, Grégory Gille, Sabrina Pontet, Eve Chrétien, Marta Dominik-Sègue, Gilles Levigoureux, Griša Močnik, Valérie Gros, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Olivier Favez

Institutions : INERIS, LSCE, LCSQA, Université de Grenoble, AASQA

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140752

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Abstract/ Résumé : Brown carbon (BrC) is known to absorb light at subvisible wavelengths but its optical properties and sources are still poorly documented, leading to large uncertainties in climate studies. Here, we show its major wintertime contribution to total aerosol absorption at 370 nm (18–42%) at 9 different French sites. Moreover, an excellent correlation with levoglucosan (r² = 0.9 and slope = 22.2 at 370 nm), suggesting important contribution of wood burning emissions to ambient BrC aerosols in France. At all sites, BrC peaks were mainly observed during late evening, linking to local intense residential wood burning during this time period. Furthermore, the geographic origin analysis also highlighted the high potential contribution of local and/or small-regional emissions to BrC. Focusing on the Paris region, twice higher BrC mass absorption efficiency value was obtained for less oxidized biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) compared to more oxidized BBOA (e.g., about 4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 m² g⁻¹, respectively, at 370 nm). Finally, the BBOA direct radiative forcing effect was found to be 40% higher when these two fractions are treated as light-absorbing species, compared to the non-absorbing BBOA scenario.

Year/Année : 2020

Title/Titre : Assessing the impact of short term outdoor air pollution exposure on cardiac dyspnea: a case study of the south of France

Authors/ Auteurs : F Simoes, C Bouveyron, Damien Piga, D Borel, Stéphane Descombes, V Paquis-Flucklinger, P Gibelin, J Levraut, Silvia Bottini

DOI : 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3493

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Abstract/ Résumé : There is a growing body of evidence that air pollution is a significant threat to health worldwide. The time exposure to air pollution leads diverse impact on the health. A short-term exposure increases hospital admission and mortality rate, causing mainly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including dyspnea; whereas a long-term exposure reduce life expectancy. Although the relationship between short term exposure to air pollution and several cardiovascular pathologies, such as coronaropathy, is widely established, the link regarding cardiac dyspnea is quite controversial. Nevertheless, previous studies are lead on few selected cities preventing a global overview on an entire territory. Here, we aim to fill this gap and finally establish the impact of pollution on cardiac dyspnea, using the “Région Sud” in the south of France, as a model. We focused on the period from 2013 to 2018 for which we dispose of clinical data of people having attended one of the 47 emergency departmentss of the region with symptoms related to cardiac dyspnea, collected by the gip e-santé ORUPACA, for a total of 43,404 events. We collected pollutants (NO2, PM10 and O3) and climate (temperature and pressure) measurements on a daily basis supplied by the French agency AtmoSud. We set up a reproducible statistical framework based on a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to show the relationship between short term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of cardiac dyspnoea event for each of the defined 366 areas of the region. This study showed that each pollutant has a significant effect on triggering cardiac dyspnoea. Specifically, we found that the biggest cities of the region, with more than 300000 habitants, such as Marseille and Nice have a significant increase of 1,5 and 1,2 respectively, if the NO2 pass the threshold of 200 mg/m3, three days before the dyspnea event. In cities with habitants between 50000 and 100000, such as Avignon and Fréjus, we found that is the O3 to have the most significant effect on the cardiac dyspnea events. A peak of O3 over 180 mg/m3 in these cities, will increase of five times the number of dyspnea events after 6 days. We observed a milder effect of PM10 on dyspnea events and mainly on cities on the coast, such as Marseille, Nice and Toulon, for which the risk of dyspnea events significantly increase if the level of PM10 overcome 50 mg/m3. Importantly, we established the impact of three different pollutants on hospital admission for cardiac dyspnea in each of the 366 areas in the South of France. Overall, we observed that each pollutant impacts the cardiac dyspnea events on different time frame between the pollution peak and the event, such as: few days for NO2, between 6 and 8 days for O3 and the same day or the day before for PM10. Finally, we developed a user-friendly web application called HEART (Health, Environment in PACA Region Tool) to easily show the results of this study. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): Idex UCAJEDI

Year/Année : 2019

Title/Titre : Monitoring of Glyphosate, Glufosinate-ammonium, and (Aminomethyl) phosphonic acid in ambient air of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, France

Authors/ Auteurs : Sylvain Ravier, Marine Désert, Grégory Gille, Alexandre Armengaud, Henri Wortham, Etienne Quivet

Institutions : Université d'Aix-Marseille

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.023

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Abstract/ Résumé : Glyphosate, AMPA, its main metabolite, and Glufosinate-ammonium were monitored in ambient air samples collected for two years (2015–2016), at four sampling sites in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur Region (PACA, France) in different areas typologies (non-agricultural areas: city center, ‘zero pesticide’ policy, and industrial area but also agricultural sectors: mainly orchards and vineyards). Neither Glufosinate-ammonium nor AMPA were detected. Glyphosate was detected at a global frequency of 7% with frequencies ranging from 0% (Nice) to 23% (Cavaillon), according to the sampling site. Glyphosate concentration reached a maximum level of 1.04 ng m ⁻³ in the rural site of Cavaillon. This is despite the physicochemical characteristics of Glyphosate which are not favorable to its passage into the atmosphere. The absence of simultaneous detection of Glyphosate and AMPA suggests that drift during spraying operation is the main atmospheric source of Glyphosate and that resuspension from soil particles is minor. The present study offers one of the few report of Glyphosate, Glufosinate-ammonium, and AMPA in the air.

Year/Année : 2019

Title/Titre : Air pollution modeling and exposure assessment during pregnancy in the French Longitudinal Study of Children (ELFE)

Authors/ Auteurs : Emmanuel Rivière, Julien Bernard, Agnès Hulin, Jonathan Virga, Fabrice Dugay, Marie-Aline Charles, Marie Cheminat, Jérôme Cortinovis, François Ducroz, Anne Laborie, Laure Malherbe, Damien Piga, Elsa Real, Pierre-Yves Robic, Cécile Zaros, Emie Seyve, Johanna Lepeule

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8091-200

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Abstract/ Résumé : 

Year/Année : 2018

Title/Titre : Sources of PM2.5 at an urban-industrial Mediterranean city, Marseille (France) : Application of the ME-2 solver to inorganic and organic markers

Authors/ Auteurs : Dalia Salamey, Jorge Pey, C. Bozzetti, I. El Haddad, A. Detournay, A. Sylvestre, Francesco Canonaco, Alexandre Armengaud, Damien Piga, Dominique Robin, Andre S. H. Prevot, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Henri Wortham, Nicolas Marchand

Institutions : Université d'Aix-Marseille, ADEME, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.005

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Abstract/ Résumé : Impacted by a complex mixture of urban, industrial, shipping and also natural emissions, Marseille, the second most populated city in France, represents a very interesting case study for the apportionment of PM2.5 sources in a Mediterranean urban environment. In this study, daily PM2.5 samples were collected over a one-year period (2011−2012) at an urban background site, and were comprehensively analyzed for the determination of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), major ions, trace elements/metals and specific organic markers. A constrained positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using the ME-2 (multilinear engine-2) solver was applied to this dataset. PMF results highlighted the presence of two distinct fingerprints for biomass burning (BB1 and BB2). BB1, assigned to open green waste burning peaks in fall (33%; 7.4 μg m⁻³) during land clearing periods, is characterized by a higher levoglucosan/OC ratio, while BB2, assigned to residential heating, shows the highest contribution during the cold period in winter (14%; 3.3 μg m⁻³) and it is characterized by high proportions from lignin pyrolysis products from the combustion of hardwood. Another interesting feature lies in the separation of two fossil fuel combustion processes (FF1 and FF2): FF1 likely dominated by traffic emissions, while FF2 likely linked with the harbor/industrial activities. On annual average, the major contributors to PM2.5 mass correspond to the ammonium sulfate-rich aerosol (AS-rich, 30%) and to the biomass burning emissions (BB1 + BB2, 23%). This study also outlined that during high PM pollution episodes (PM2.5 > 25 μg m⁻³), the largest contributing sources to PM2.5 were biomass burning (33%) and FF1 (23%). Moreover, 28% of the ambient mass concentration of OC is apportioned by the AS-rich factor, which is representative of an aged secondary aerosol, reflecting thus the importance of the oxidative processes occurring in a Mediterranean environment.

Year/Année : 2018

Title/Titre : Spatial and temporal distribution of current-use pesticides in ambient air of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Region and Corsica, France

Authors/ Auteurs : Marine Désert, Sylvain Ravier, Grégory Gille, Angélina Quinapallo, Alexandre Armengaud, Gabrielle Pochet, Jean-Luc Savelli, Henri Wortham, Etienne Quivet

Institutions : LCE (Université Aix-Marseille) et Qualitair Corse

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.08.054

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Abstract/ Résumé : A total of 59 current-use pesticides were monitored in ambient air samples collected from February 2012 to December 2017, at two rural and six urban sites in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur Region and Corsica, France. 45 of searched active substances were detected at least in one sample, at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 98.6%. Among the most frequently detected pesticides, we found the herbicide Pendimethalin (64.6%), the fungicide Tebuconazole (65.9%), and the insecticides Chlorpyrifos (71.5%) and Lindane (98.6%). A wide range of atmospheric concentrations was measured from few pg m−3 to several hundreds of ng m−3, with a maximum concentration of 407.79 ng m−3 for Chlorpyrifos (Cavaillon, May 2012). 17 active substances exceeded an atmospheric concentration of 1 ng m−3 for at least one sample, including Folpet (147 times/162 detections), Chlorpyrifos (56/520), and Pendimethalin (29/464). The spatial distribution shows that pesticides were detected both in the eight rural and urban sampling sites, suggesting an atmospheric transport from agricultural areas to cities. Classifying the 8 sampling sites according to samples composition, two types of site were observed, those (Aléria, Arles, Avignon, Port-de-Bouc, and Toulon) where a majority of fungicides are found and those (Cannes, Cavaillon, and Nice) where insecticides are dominant. Long-term (6 years) monitoring shows a seasonally trend for each pesticide, depending on pest pressure. Inter-annual variation suggests a downward trend which is consistent with the regional sales data.

Year/Année : 2017

Title/Titre : Effect of mid-term drought on Quercus pubescens BVOs' emission seasonality and their dependency on light and/or temperature

Authors/ Auteurs : Saunier Amélie, Elena Ormeno, Christophe Boissard, Henri Wortham, Brice Temime-Roussel, Caroline Lecareux, Alexandre Armengaud, Catherine Fernandez

Institutions : IMBE, LCE, Université d'Aix-Marseille, LSCE

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7555-2017

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Abstract/ Résumé : Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by plants represent a large source of carbon compounds released into the atmosphere, where they account for precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Being directly involved in air pollution and indirectly in climate change, understanding what factors drive BVOC emissions is a prerequisite for modeling their emissions and predict air pollution. The main algorithms currently used to model BVOC emissions are mainly light and/or temperature dependent. Additional factors such as seasonality and drought also influence isoprene emissions, especially in the Mediterranean region, which is characterized by a rather long drought period in summer. These factors are increasingly included in models but only for the principal studied BVOC, namely isoprene, but there are still some discrepancies in estimations of emissions. In this study, the main BVOCs emitted by Quercus pubescens – isoprene, methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, MACR, MVK and ISOPOOH (these three last compounds detected under the same m/z) – were monitored with a PTR-ToF-MS over an entire seasonal cycle during both in situ natural and amplified drought, which is expected with climate change. Amplified drought impacted all studied BVOCs by reducing emissions in spring and summer while increasing emissions in autumn. All six BVOCs monitored showed daytime light and temperature dependencies while three BVOCs (methanol, acetone and formaldehyde) also showed emissions during the night despite the absence of light under constant temperature. Moreover, methanol and acetaldehyde burst in the early morning and formaldehyde deposition and uptake were also punctually observed, which were not assessed by the classical temperature and light models.

Year/Année : 2015

Title/Titre : PM2.5 chemical composition in five European Mediterranean cities: A 1-year study

Authors/ Auteurs : Dalia Salamey, Anais Detournay, Jorge Pey, Noemi Perez, Francesca Liguori, Dikaia E. Saraga, Maria Chiara Bove, Paolo Brotto, Federico Cassola, Dario Massabò, Aurelio Latella, Silvia Pillon, Gianmaria Gianni Formenton, Salvatore Patti, Alexandre Armengaud, Damien Piga, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, J.G. Bartzis, E.I. Tolis, Paolo Prati, Xavier Querol, Henri Wortham, Nicolas Marchand

Institutions : IMBE, LCE, Université d'Aix-Marseille, LSCE

DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.12.001

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Year/Année : 2014

Title/Titre : AERA : A French and Italian collaborative project for the assessment on air ambient quality to support local policies in Alpes territory

Authors/ Auteurs : Hervé Chanut, Didier Chapuis, Eric Chaxel, I. Clostre, G. Guillaud, M.-N. Roux-Lefebvre, Laure Chevalier, Paul de Feraudy, Romain Souweine, M. Bernard, Jonathan Virga, Alexandre Armengaud

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Abstract/ Résumé : Cross-border regions of Franco-Italian space ALCOTRA (Liguria, Piedmont, PACA, Rhône-Alpes and Aosta Valley) are all faced with a deteriorated air quality. Faced with this major health issue that concerns 17 millions people, these regions have chosen to unite under the AERA project to find solutions together. This project was intended to harmonize the methods and tools for monitoring and propose new decision support elements for local actors. This is a first step to build a cross-border governance terms for developing common strategies to improve air quality. This project has the following objectives: - Compare and pool various tools for monitoring air quality: access to network data measurement, shared emissions inventory and a common air quality chemical transport model. - Strengthen improvement air quality plans through the identification of common measures: state of regulations and policy actions taken in France and Italy, the development of common indicators, implementation of pilot projects. - Develop a cross-border strategy awareness and citizen involvement. Reconciling development of wood energy and air quality: the Rhône-Alpes region has simulated the effectiveness of development scenarios of wood energy while limiting their impact on air quality. The main conclusions emphasize that the implementation of an ambitious framing of wood heating individual policy favouring both efficient appliances (such as Flamme verte) and fuel quality (especially wood pellet form) led to a significant reduction in emissions of pollutants, including fine particles, and a significant improvement in air quality in the Alcotra aera and especially in the Alpine valleys. According to prospective models considered, a common active policy on wood energy would prevent 500,000 inhabitants of the area of Alcotra to be exposed to exceeding regulatory values for 2020. The discussions initiated under the AERA project will continue. Thus, PART'AERA project, led by Air Rhône-Alpes and attended the majority of partners, started in January 2013 for two years. It aims to share the skills of players ALCOTRA regarding metrology fine particles space to better identify the origin and dispersion in the atmosphere of the Alps.

Year/Année : 2014

Title/Titre : Retrospective modeling outdoor air pollution at a fine spatial scale in France, 1989-2008

Authors/ Auteurs : Malik Bentayeb, M. Stempfelet, V. Wagner, Marie Zins, Sébastien Bonenfant, C. Songeur, Olivier Sanchez, Amandine Rosso, G. Brulfert, I. Rios, Eric Chaxel, Jonathan Virga, Alexandre Armengaud, Philippe Rossello, Emmanuel Rivière, M. Bernard, Florian Vasbien, Raphaèle Deprost

DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.019

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Year/Année : 2013

Title/Titre : Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles in Marseille : a one year study

Authors/ Auteurs : Nicolas Marchand, Dalia Salameh, Anais Detournay, Henri Wortham, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Christine Piot, Alexandre Armengaud, Damien Piga, Michael Parra, Magali Deveze

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Abstract/ Résumé : 

Marseille is the second most populated city in France with more than one million inhabitants. With traffic of about 88 million tons (Mt) in 2011, Marseille is also the most important port of the Mediterranean Sea, and also in the vicinity of the large petrochemical and industrial area of Fos-Berre, located 40 km northwest of the metropolitan area. For these reasons, Marseille area represents a challenging case study for source apportionment exercises, combining an active photochemistry and multiple emission sources, including fugitive emissions from industrial sources and shipping. In order to develop strategies for controlling and reducing air pollution, there is a need of source apportionment studies in order to better understand the influence of the different sources of aerosol particles. Within the framework of the EU-MED APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions ; www.apice-project.eu), sources of atmospheric particles in Marseille were evaluated for a one-year period by a long monitoring campaign conducted at two sampling sites. PM2.5 were collected continuously on a 24h-basis in an urban background site from July 2011 to July 2012 and on a 48h-basis for the Eastern dock from November 2011 to July 2012 using high volume samplers (DA80) operating at a flow rate of 30m3 h-1. In this work, two different source apportionment models were used to explain the chemical observations, and to investigate the sources of organic aerosol in Marseille. Two sources apportionment models were used and combined to quantify the contribution of the main aerosol particles sources: CMB (Chemical Mass Balance) and PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization). Both models were used with organic molecular markers and metals/trace elements. Both approaches are able to identify major sources, the combination of these two commonly used receptor models offer interesting perspective, especially when the factors derived from PMF analysis are injected as source profiles in CMB calculation.

Year/Année : 2013

Title/Titre : Long-term exposure to air pollution : a 20-year follow-up in a French cohort study

Authors/ Auteurs : Malek Bentayeb, Morgane Stempfelet, Vérène Wagner, Marie Zins, Marcel Goldberg, Amandine Rosso, Eric Chaxel, Alexandre Armengaud, Philippe Rossello, Raphaèle Deprost, Christophe Declerq

DOI :10.1289/isee.2013.P-3-04-14

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Year/Année : 2013

Title/Titre : Variation of NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 European study areas : Results from the ESCAPE study

Authors/ Auteurs : Josef Cyrys, Marloes Eeftens, Joachim Heinrich, Christophe Ampe, Alexandre Armengaud, Rob Beelen, Tom Bellander, Timea Beregszaszi, Matthias Birk, Giulia Cesaroni, Marta Cirach, Kees de Hoogh, Audrey de Nazelle, Frank de Vocht, Christophe Declercq, Audrius Dédelé, Konstantina Dimakopoulos, Kirsten Thorup Eriksen, Claudia Galassi, Regina, Grauleviciene, Georgios Grivas, Olena Gruzieva, Annika Hagenbjork-Gustafsson, Barbara Hoffmann, Minas Iakovides, Alex Ineichen, Ursula Krämer, Timo Lanki, Patricia Lozano, Christian Madsen, Kees Meliefste, Lars Modig, Anna Mölter, Gioia Mosler, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Michael Nonnemacher, Marieke Oldenwening, Annette Peters, Sabrina Pontet, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Ulrich Quass, Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Andrea Ranzi, Dorothea Sugiri, Euripides G Stephanou, Pekka Taimisto, Ming-Yi Tsai, Eva Vaskövi, Simona Villani, Meng Wang

DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080

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Year/Année : 2012

Title/Titre : The air quality status of five European port-cities: an overview focused on PM10

Authors/ Auteurs : Dikaia E. Saraga, K.F. Filiou, E.I. Tolis, Jorge Pey, P. Fernandez, C. Brescianini, M.T. Zannetti, Paolo Prati, Alexandre Armengaud, Damien Piga, Dimitris Melas, Anastasia Poupkou, A. Latella, Francesca Liguori, S. Patti, J.G. Bartzis

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Year/Année : 2012

Title/Titre : Intercomparison of source apportionment approaches within the EU-MED APICE project

Authors/ Auteurs : JDetournay A., Dalia Salamey, J.L. Jaffrezo, J. Cozic, Jorge Pey, Noemi Perez, Xavier Querol, Paolo Prati, Maria Chiara Bove, E. Cuccia, Dario Massabò, J.G. Bartzis, E.I. Tolis, K. Filiou, A. Latella, Francesca Liguori, S. Patti, Alexandre Armengaud, Damien Piga, Nicolas Marchand, Dikaia E. Saraga

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Year/Année : 2012

Title/Titre : Étude et évaluation multidisciplinaire de la pollution atmosphérique particulaire en milieu périurbain : le projet PACTES-BMP. Méthodologie et premiers résultats

Authors/ Auteurs : Yves Noack, Samuel Robert, Daniel Bley, Patricia Lozano, Grégory Gille, Sylviane Capezza

DOI : 10.4000/soe.271

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Abstract:

Le projet PACTES-BMP (Particules Atmospheriques dans le Bassin Minier de Provence : Caracterisation, Toxicite et Evaluation Societale) est un projet de recherche multidisciplinaire integre visant a caracteriser la pollution atmospherique particulaire autour de sites industriels (cimenterie, usine d’alumine et centrale thermique) en milieux urbains et periurbains et confronter les resultats de la mesure a la perception et l’evaluation qu’en font les populations riveraines, sur le territoire du Bassin Minier de Provence (SE de la France). Les fractions particules sedimentables, PM10 (particules inferieures a 10 µm) et PM2.5 (particules inferieures a 2,5 µm) ont ete analysees. La perception par la population a ete etudiee via des entretiens et des questionnaires.

Year/Année : 2011

Title/Titre : Retrospective Assessment of Exposure to Air Pollution in the GAZEL French Cohort Study

Authors/ Auteurs : Grégoire Falq, Mathilde Pascal, Sophie Larrieu, Morgane Stempfelet, Vérène Wagner, Sébastien Bonenfant, Marie Zins, Alexandre Armengaud, Raphaèle Deprost, Cécile Honoré, Gilles Perron, Eric Chaxel, Emmanuel Rivière, Matthieu Bernard, Amandine Rosso, Olivier Sanchez, Isabelle Rios, Christophe Declercq

DOI : 10.1097/01.ede.0000392338.10259.8d

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Year/Année : 2011

Title/Titre :Insights into the secondary fraction of the organic aerosol in a Mediterranean urban area : Marseille

Authors/ Auteurs : Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand, Brice Termine-Roussel, Henri Wortam, Christine Piot, Jean-Luc Besombes, Christine Baduel, Didier Voisin, Alexandre Armengaud, J.-L. Jaffrezo

DOI : 10.5194/acp-11-2059-2011

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Abstract:

A comprehensive aerosol characterization was conducted at Marseille during summer, including organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), major ionic species, radiocarbon (14C), water-soluble OC and HULIS (HUmic LIke Substances), elemental composition and primary and secondary organic markers. This paper is the second paper of a two-part series that uses this dataset to investigate the sources of Organic Aerosol (OA). While the first paper investigates the primary sources (El Haddad et al., 2010), this second paper focuses on the secondary fraction of the organic aerosol. In the context of overall OC mass balance, primary OC (POC) contributes on average for only 22% and was dominated by vehicular emissions accounting on average for 17% of OC. As a result, 78% of OC mass cannot be attributed to the major primary sources and remains un-apportioned. Radiocarbon measurements suggest that more than 70% of this fraction is of non-fossil origin, assigned predominantly to biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC). Therefore, contributions from three traditional BSOC precursors, isoprene, $\alpha$-pinene and β-caryophyllene, were considered. These were estimated using the ambient concentrations of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) markers from each precursor and laboratory-derived marker mass fraction factors. Secondary organic markers derived from isoprene photo-oxidation (ie: 2-methylglyceric acid and 2-methyltetrols) do not exhibit the same temporal trends. This variability was assigned to the influence of NOx concentration on their formation pathways and to their potential decay by further processing in the atmosphere. The influence of changes in isoprene chemistry on assessment of isoprene SOC contribution was evaluated explicitly. The results suggest a 60-fold variation between the different estimates computed using different isoprene SOC markers, implying that the available profiles do not reflect the actual isoprene SOC composition observed in Marseille. Using the marker-based approach, the aggregate contribution from traditional BSOC was estimated at only 4.2% of total OC and was dominated by α-pinene SOC accounting on average for 3.4% of OC. As a result, these estimates underpredict the inexplicably high loadings of OC. This underestimation can be associated with (1) uncertainties underlying the marker-based approach, (2) presence of other SOC precursors and (3) further processing of fresh SOC, as indicated by organosulfates (RSO4H) and HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) measurements.

Year/Année : 2011

Title/Titre : Primary sources of PM2.5 organic aerosol in an industrial Mediterranean city, Marseille

Authors/ Auteurs : Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand, Henri Wortam, Christine Piot, Jean-Luc Besombes, Julie Cozic, Catherine Chauvel, Alexandre Armengaud, Dominique Robin, J.-L. Jaffrezo

DOI : 10.5194/acp-11-2039-2011

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Abstract:

Marseille, the most important port of the Mediterranean Sea, represents a challenging case study for source apportionment exercises, combining an active photochemistry and multiple emission sources, including fugitive emissions from industrial sources and shipping. This paper presents a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) approach based on organic markers and metals to apportion the primary sources of organic aerosol in Marseille, with a special focus on industrial emissions. Overall, the CMB model accounts for the major primary anthropogenic sources including motor vehicles, biomass burning and the aggregate emissions from three industrial processes (heavy fuel oil combustion/shipping, coke production and steel manufacturing) as well as some primary biogenic emissions. This source apportionment exercise is well corroborated by 14C measurements. Primary OC estimated by the CMB accounts on average for 22% of total OC and is dominated by the vehicular emissions that contribute on average for 17% of OC mass concentration (vehicular PM contributes for 17% of PM2.5). Even though industrial emissions contribute only 2.3% of the total OC (7% of PM2.5), they are associated with ultrafine particles

Year/Année : 2009

Title/Titre : Simulation and evaluation of 2010 emission control scenarios in a Mediterranean area

Authors/ Auteurs : Isabelle Coll, Fanny Lasry, Sylvain Fayet, Alexandre Armengaud, Robert Vautard

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.034

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Abstract:

At the onset of the 2010 statutory deadline for the respect of the European National Emission Ceiling directive, two questions arise. Will the engaged regulations for the respect of ozone air quality thresholds be fully efficient on the most polluted regions? How can we design the continuation of ozone control in those areas? This study is based on refined 3D modelling studies over a French Mediterranean region. It compares 2001 and 2003 situations with several prospective 2010 emission scenarios with, for the first time, the evaluation of local action plans. The degree of compliance with air quality regulation is investigated and the impact of emission control on the local potential for ozone formation is discussed. The results show that current efforts on emissions, although substantial and efficient, are not sufficient yet to abrogate all the ozone threshold exceedances. They also highlight the gap between regulatory and effective emission control, as well as the need for regional regulations to complete national efforts. Finally, the simulations indicate that large-scale emission control significantly helps reducing rural ozone (−20 ppbv) but affects much fewer (−2 to −10 ppbv) the highest peaks. The continuation and the strengthening of ozone policies under their current form in such regions are considered.

Year/Année : 2009

Title/Titre : The representation of dust transport and missing urban sources as major issues for the simulation of PM episodes in a Mediterranean area

Authors/ Auteurs : Emmanouil Flaounas, Isabelle Coll, Alexandre Armengaud, C. Schmechtig

DOI : 10.5194/acpd-9-15295-2009

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Abstract:

Due to its adverse effects on human health, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constitutes a growing challenge for air quality management. It is also a complex subject of study. The understanding of its atmospheric evolution is indeed made difficult by the wide number of sources and the numerous processes that govern its evolution in the troposphere. As a consequence, the representation of particulate matter in chemistry-transport models needs to be permanently evaluated and enhanced in order to refine our comprehension of PM pollution events and to propose consistent environmental policies. The study presented here focuses on two successive summer particulate pollution episodes that occurred on the French Mediterranean coast. We identify and analyze the constitutive elements of the first and more massive episode and we discuss their representation within a eulerian model. The results show that the model fails in reproducing the variability and the amplitude of dust import from western Africa, and that it constitutes a strong bias in PM daily forecasts. We then focus on the lack of diurnal variability in the model, which is attributed to missing urban sources in standard emission inventories, and notably the resuspension of particles by urban road traffic. Through a sensitivity study based on PM and NO_x measurements, we assess the sensitivity of PM to local emissions and the need to reconsider road traffic PM sources. In parallel, by coupling the CHIMERE-DUST model outputs to our simulation, we show that the representation of transcontinental dust transport allows a much better representation of atmospheric particles in southern France, and that it is needed in the frame of air quality management for the quantification of the anthropogenic part of particulate matter pollution.

Year/Année : 2009

Title/Titre : Comprehensive primary particulate organic characterization of vehicular exhaust emissions in France

Authors/ Auteurs : Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand, Julien Dron, Brice Temime-Roussel, Etienne Quivet, Henri Wortham, Jean-Luc Besombes, Christine Baduel, Didier Voisin, Jean Luc Besombes, Grégory Gille

DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.001

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Abstract:

A study to characterize primary particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from the French vehicular fleet was conducted during winter 2008, in a tunnel in Marseille, France. The carbonaceous fraction represents 70% of the aerosol mass and elemental carbon fraction (EC) represent 60% of the carbonaceous fraction. The organic carbon OC was characterized in term of its water soluble fraction, functionalization rate and HULIS content. Seventy trace organic compounds including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum biomarkers and carboxylic acids were also quantified, in order to determine an organic emission profile for chemical mass balance modeling studies. Such source profiles were still missing in Europe and particularly in France. The profile obtained in this study is consistent with profiles determined in tunnel or dynamometer studies performed in other countries during the last ten years. These results suggest that organic compounds profiles from vehicular exhaust emissions are not significantly influenced by the geographic area and are thus suitable for use in aerosol source apportionment modeling applied across extensive regions. The chemical profile determined here is very similar to those obtained for diesel emissions with high concentrations of EC relative to OC (EC/OC = 1.8) and low concentrations of the higher molecular weight PAH. These results are consistent with the high proportion of diesel vehicles in the French fleet (49%).

Year/Année : 2009

Title/Titre : Comprehensive particulate organic characterisation of vehicular emissions in France : a case study in a tunnel of Marseille

Authors/ Auteurs : Imad El Haddad, Nicolas Marchand, Julien Dron, Brice Temime-Roussel, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Christine Baduel, Didier Voisin, Jean Luc Besombes, Grégory Gille

Lien vers article : article

Abstract:

A study to characterize primary particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) from the French vehicular fleet was conducted during winter 2008, in a tunnel in Marseille, France. The carbonaceous fraction represents 70% of the aerosol mass and elemental carbon fraction (EC) represent 60% of the carbonaceous fraction. The organic carbon OC was characterized in term of its water soluble fraction, functionalization rate and HULIS content. Seventy trace organic compounds including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum biomarkers and carboxylic acids were also quantified, in order to determine an organic emission profile for chemical mass balance modeling studies. Such source profiles were still missing in Europe and particularly in France. The profile obtained in this study is consistent with profiles determined in tunnel or dynamometer studies performed in other countries during the last ten years. These results suggest that organic compounds profiles from vehicular exhaust emissions are not significantly influenced by the geographic area and are thus suitable for use in aerosol source apportionment modeling applied across extensive regions. The chemical profile determined here is very similar to those obtained for diesel emissions with high concentrations of EC relative to OC (EC/OC = 1.8) and low concentrations of the higher molecular weight PAH. These results are consistent with the high proportion of diesel vehicles in the French fleet (49%).

Year/Année : 2008

Title/Titre : Étude de faisabilité sur l’estimation de l’exposition individuelle chronique à la pollution atmosphérique dans la cohorte Gazel

Authors/ Auteurs : Sophie Larrieu, M. Stempfelet, Sébastien Bonenfant, Alexandre Armengaud, C. Honoré, Patricia Lozano, Gilles Perron, Emmanuel Rivière, Olivier Sanchez, Agnès Lefranc

DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2008.06.148

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Year/Année : 2006

Title/Titre : Assessment of schoolchildren's exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the French Six Cities Study using a dispersion model

Authors/ Auteurs : Céline Pénard-Morand, Charles Schillinger, Alexandre Armengaud, Ginette Debotte, Eve Chrétien, Serge Pellier, Isabella Annesi-Maesano

DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.057

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Abstract:

The purpose of this work was to estimate exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TAP), of the 6683 schoolchildren included in a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in six French cities to determine the effects of urban air pollution (AP) on respiratory and allergic health.Annual mean concentrations of benzene, CO, NO2, NOx, PM10 and SO2 were calculated, in front of the 108 schools attended by the children, by the validated STREET 5 software, which combines data on regional and local components of AP. STREET contains a database of emissions estimated by the IMPACT 2.0 software developed by ADEME-France and results of ambient concentrations modelled by the WinMISKAM 4.2 dispersion model. The input data required were background AP, traffic conditions (daily traffic density; average speed; percentage of gridlocks and proportion of each type of vehicle) and dispersion conditions (topography of the street segments modelled and meteorology).Emissions of air pollutants in front of the 108 schools were considerably scattered. Calculated concentrations (μgm−3) also varied considerably at: [1.0–5.1] for benzene, [303.8–988.1] for CO, [17.8–78.9] for NO2, [23.3–195.2] for NOx, [10.0–52.0] for PM10 and [2.4–16.4] for SO2. About 64% (29%, respectively) of the schools had annual mean concentrations of NO2 (PM10, respectively) exceeding the European quality objectives (40 and 30μgm−3, respectively).These exposure indicators, capable of identifying small area variations in AP contrary to surrogate measures usually used in epidemiology, will enable better studies on the impact of urban AP on health.